CASTLEPOLLARD Ireland (Reuters) - In the leafy grounds of a centre for the disabled in rural central Ireland, a small tombstone hints at the building's previous role as a "mother-and-baby home". It reads: "In Memory of God's Special Angels".
No names, no dates, just an acknowledgement that buried in the garden of the Manor House in Castlepollard are children born to unwed mothers at the Church-run institutions that dotted Ireland half a century ago.
The discovery of a mass grave at a similar home, two hours drive to the west in the small town of Tuam, has prompted the Irish to ask why so many babies died, anonymously, in the care of the Catholic Church that was once a pillar of respectability.
"If something happened in Tuam, it probably happened in other mother-and-baby homes around the country," said Archbishop of Dublin Diarmuid Martin, who has seen the Church's authority shattered by revelations of sex abuse by priests and cruelty at so-called Magdalene laundries where "fallen women" were forced to work in harsh conditions.
"All the indications are that those who were running the institutions didn't understand or did not want to understand how you looked after children and how you examined the special care children needed at that early stage," Martin told national broadcaster RTE.
The 796 child deaths detailed by an amateur historian at Tuam from 1925 to 1961 has highlighted a mortality rate among "illegitimate" infants that academics describe as "staggering".
Government records show that throughout the 1930s, 40s and 50s, the rate was often more than five times that of children born to married parents. On average, more than one in four children born out of wedlock died.
Ireland was not alone in having a high fatality rate among this vulnerable group, however the 295 deaths per 1,000 illegitimate births recorded in 1929, for example, was more than double the 140 inNorthern Ireland or 105 in England, research by University College Dublin historian Lindsey Earner-Byrne showed.
GRACE OF GOD
The revelations have forced modern Ireland to take an uncomfortable look back just a generation ago at the treatment of pregnant single women, who were seen as deeply immoral, and their children, regarded as a drain on public finances.
Of the 796 death certificates collated by amateur historian Catherine Corless, gastroenteritis, bronchitis and malnutrition were common causes of death among newborns and young children. Illness apparently spread rapidly in the homes.
"There but for the grace of God, I would have been under the ground too," Mari Steed, who was born in a mother-and-baby home, in the County Cork town of Bessborough, in 1960, told Reuters by telephone from her home in Philadelphia.
"In the year I was born things had gotten a little better and I was actually delivered by Caesarean section at a hospital so I can only thank the faiths that they had the common sense to realise that my mother couldn't deliver me at Bessborough."
In a memoir of her time at Bessborough in the early 1950s, midwife June Goulding described a tough regime where women, stripped of their identities, suffered through labour often unattended and almost always without basic medical treatments.
Recalling their post-natal care, she wrote how some babies, rather than being fed by their own mothers, were simply passed around to any resident capable of breastfeeding.
In some cases, babies were subjected to vaccine trials. Steed said GlaxoSmithKline, which took over the drug firm that ran the trials, Burroughs Welcome, confirmed to her that she was among the infants experimented upon.
A spokesman for GSK said the activities, if true, were "very distressing" and that it would cooperate with any investigation.
"DERELICTION OF DUTY"
The homes also facilitated thousands of adoptions, in many cases compelling unwed mothers to give up their babies. Some 90 percent of children born outside marriage were adopted in the two decades after adoption was explicitly legalised in 1953.
While run by nuns, the "mother-and-baby" homes received state funding and, as adoption agencies, were also regulated by the state. There was "a sort of collusion" between church and state, according to Archbishop Martin, stretching from church leaders and government ministers to powerful civil servants.
"The fact that the moral connotations of the 'problem of the unmarried mother' had real and deadly consequences did little to spur action," University College Dublin's Earner-Byrne wrote in her 2007 book 'Mother and Child'.
"Dereliction of duty in this regard characterised all administrations until the 1970s. It was cheaper, in monetary terms, to allow the problem of the unmarried mother float in a moral never-never land."
Ireland's government, whose predecessors only extended child benefit payments to unmarried women in 1973, after the homes had closed, is considering an inquiry into what it called the "deeply disturbing" discovery in Tuam.
The Church has called for a comprehensive independent investigation into the child deaths and the adoption system. Public outcry may leave the government little choice.
"I honestly believe that governments have been too afraid to lift the lid, knowing the type of atrocities they would likely find," said Steed, in Philadelphia, who spent 10 years navigating Ireland's archaic tracing system to find her birth mother who was forced to give her up at 18 months.
"Now I think we're at a tipping point where there's just no choice left. You have to do it."
(Additional reporting by Ben Hirschler in London; Editing by Robin Pomeroy)
The Dublin death rates are coming to light as official inquiries by gardai and a number of Government departments get underway into the deaths of almost 800 children at the Tuam home in a 36-year period ending in 1961.
Documents that belonged to former Dublin Archbishop John Charles McQuaid, who died in 1973, show that St Patrick’s mother and baby home at Pelletstown in Cabra also had high death rates in at least one year. The records show that one in every three babies died in the home on the Navan road in 1933.
Convent:
The Pelletstown death rate was 34pc in that year while, at the same time, the annual death rate in the County Galway convent-run home in Tuam was 35pc. The Dublin deaths may also come under official scrutiny now.
Even higher death rates were recorded that year at the Bessborough mother and baby home in Cork (39pc), and at the Sean Ross Abbey mother and baby home in Roscrea, Co Tipperary (37.5pc).
An inter-departmental group has already met to discuss how a wide-ranging inquiry should proceed into infant deaths at all mother and baby homes which operated in Ireland for several decades.
The group consisted of representatives from five Government departments - Health, Children, Justice, Social Protection and Environment. The examination will be spearheaded by the Department of Health and the group is expected to report back to the Cabinet in a fortnight with recommendations on the formation of a high-powered inquiry.
The Cabinet will then decide if a full Commission of Investigation should be set up and what remit and powers it should be given.
Two senior gardai have also been tasked to carry out a fact-finding mission into the 796 deaths at the Tuam home between 1925 and 1961. They will seek to examine the facts behind reports that hundreds of babies and children were buried near a disused septic tank at the home, which has been closed for more than a half century.
The gardai will be expected to gather all surviving records, including the home’s admissions ledgers and all death certificates relating to residents.
There have been no records come to light, as yet, of burials in local cemeteries. Children’s death certificates cited many causes of death, including malnutrition, measles and tuberculosis.
Any testing of the burial site on the lands of the former home will involve forensic investigation of any skeletons as the site is very close to a mass grave of famine victims who died in the mid-19th century.
There were emotional scenes last night as locals gathered outside the Bessborough Mother and Baby Home for a memorial service in Cork.
However, a Government source warned that any wide-ranging commission of inquiry cannot interfere with garda investigations.
“But it is not a question of if’ there will be an inquiry but rather when’ and how far will its remit will go,” the senior source said.
The operation of mother and baby homes from the 1920s to 1960s is regarded as the last of Ireland’s Church-linked scandals. The planned Government probe will be complicated by the fact the mother and baby homes issue involves secret vaccine trials in the 1930s-50s, clandestine adoptions to wealthy Catholic families in the US and infant mortality rates of 55pc, six times that for Irish maternity facilities.
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